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Item Activity concentrations of 224Ra, 226Ra, 228Ra and 40K radionuclides in refinery products and the additional radiation dose originated from oil residues in Turkey(Oxford University Press, 2013-10) Parmaksız, Aydın; Ağuş, Yusuf; Bulgurlu, Figen; Bulur, Emine; Yıldız, Çiğdem; Öncü, Tolga; AAH-5187-2020; 0000-0003-4000-5175; TAEK-SANAEMTotal of 56 crude oil, refinery product, waste water, sludge and scale samples collected from three refineries were measured by gamma-ray spectrometry. Except for nine samples, all refinery products samples were found below the minimum detectable activity (MDA) values. 224Ra, 226Ra, 228Ra and 40K activity concentrations in crude oil and refinery product samples were measured from MDA values to 11.7±4.5, 14.9±3.5, 11.6±4.5, 248.5±18.5 Bqkg-1 respectively. 224Ra, 226Ra, 228Ra and 40K activity concentrations in scale, sludge and water samples were measured from MDA values to 343.7±11.8, 809.2±29.0, 302.5±21.6, 623.0±80.9 Bqkg-1 respectively. Radium equivalent activities of residue samples were calculated up to 1241.8±42.4 Bq/kg. Maximum activity concentration index and alpha index were found 4.2 and 4.0 respectively. The annual effective doses of four residue samples were calculated equal or above permitted dose rate for public, i.e. 1mSv/y.Item Activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs radionuclides in Turkish medicinal herbs, their ingestion doses and cancer risks(Taylor and Francis, 2014-11) Parmaksız, Aydın; Ağuş, Yusuf; AAH-5187-2020; 0000-0003-4000-5175; TAEK-SANAEMTwenty-two medicinal herb samples, each representing a distinct species, were collected from Turkish markets and measured by the gamma spectrometric method. The activity concentration of 226Ra in medicinal herbs was found in the range of minimum detectable activity (MDA) and 15.1 ± 2.2 Bqkg−1. The activity concentration of 232Th ranged from MDA values to 3.5 ± 0.8 Bqkg−1. The activity concentration of 40K varied between 50.0 ± 16.8 and 1311.5 ± 57.3 Bqkg−1. All 137Cs activity concentrations of medicinal herbs were found to have lower than MDA values. The bone surface dose, lower large intestine and colon doses were found to be 182.9, 18.8 and 18.7 µSvy−1, respectively. The highest committed effective dose originated from the annual ingestion of 1 kg medicinal herb was calculated notably low as 9.0 µSv. The cancer risk of ingestion of medicinal herbs was found to be small enough to be neglected. The selected Turkish medicinal herbs are considered safe for human consumption.Item Average glandular doses and national diagnostic reference levels in mammography examinations in Turkey(Oxford University Press, 2020-05) Parmaksız, Aydın; Ataç, G. K.; Bulur, Emine; İnal, Tolga; Alhan, Aslıhan; AAH-5187-2020; 0000-0003-4000-5175; TAEK-Radyasyon ve Hızlandırıcı Teknolojileri Dairesi BaşkanlığıIn order to establish National Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) for mammography examinations, Entrance Skin Air Kerma (ESAK), Entrance Skin Dose (ESD) and Average Glandular Doses (AGDs) were calculated for a total of 25624 cranio-caudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO) projections of 6309 patients for 40-49 and 50-64 age groups. The average ESAK and ESD values for both age groups were found to be higher in MLO projections compared to CC projections. The minimum and maximum values of AGDs were determined as 0.4 mGy and 7.9 mGy for both projections. The maximum numbers of AGDs for CC and MLO projections were calculated in the range of 1.1-1.5 mGy and 1.6-2.0 mGy respectively. The third quartile values of AGDs were calculated for each compressed breast thickness (CBT) between 20 mm and 99 mm. The first National DRLs of the country were established for each 10 mm CBT in mammography examinations.Item Comprehensive data concerning cosmic radiation doses at ground level and in-flights for Turkey(Oxford University Press, 2016-12) Parmaksız, Aydın; AAH-5187-2020; 0000-0003-4000-5175Cosmic radiation doses of individuals living in 81 cities in Turkey were estimated by using CARI-6 software. Annual cosmic radiation doses of individuals were found to be between 308 and 736 µSv y−1 at ground level. The population-weighted annual effective dose from cosmic radiation was determined to be 387 µSv y−1 for Turkey. Cosmic radiation doses on-board for 137 (60 domestic and 77 international) flights varied from 1.2 to 83 µSv. It was estimated that six or over long-route round-trip air travels may cause cosmic radiation dose above the permissible limit for member of the public, i.e. 1 mSv y−1. According to the assumption of flights throughout 800 h on each route, cosmic radiation doses were found to be between 1.0 and 4.8 mSv for aircrew.Item Measurement of naturally occurring radionuclides in geothermal samples and assessment of radiological risks and radiation doses(Oxford University Press, 2013-12) Parmaksız, Aydın; AAH-5187-2020; 0000-0003-4000-5175; TAEK-SANAEMTotal of 26 geothermal water and their residues collected from six well in the geothermal power plant territory were measured by gamma-ray spectrometry. Apart from two geothermal water samples, all geothermal water samples were found below the minimum detectable activity (MDA) values. 226Ra activity concentrations in residue samples were measured from 40±4 Bq kg-1 to 2694±85 Bq kg-1. 232Th activity concentration of residue samples are varying from 33±4 Bq kg-1 to 2388±85 Bq kg-1. 40K activity concentrations of residue samples are ranged between MDA to 967±30 Bq kg-1. The radium equivalent activities of samples are varied from 91±8 Bq kg-1 to 6161±46 Bq kg-1. The annual effective doses of residues were calculated lower than permitted dose rate for public, i.e. 1 mSv y-1. However it was found that if parameter values are changed additional annual effective doses can rise over the reference level of 1 mSv.Item Natural radioactivity of a copper-zinc mine with a production facility in Türkiye and radiological consequences of the usage of tailing as a concrete additive(Springer, 2023-01-08) Parmaksız, Aydın; Özkök, Yücel Özer; Ağuş, Yusuf; AAH-5187-2020; 0000-0003-4000-5175; TENMAK-Nükleer Enerji Araştırma Enstitüsü-AnkaraThe dose rates of an underground copper-zinc mine and the radioactivities of collected samples were measured using a surveymeter and a gamma-ray spectrometer. There was no significant difference found between mine dose rates and background radiation in the region. The average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in tailing samples were found to be 27%, 83%, and 71% higher than in ores, respectively. It was determined that a miner who worked in the mine for a year and was exposed to the natural radiation of the mine could be exposed to a radiation dose of less than 1 mSv. The annual radiation dose of a person living in a standard concrete room with a certain amount of tailing added to the concrete content was calculated to be 202.2 μSvy-1. Using tailings as concrete additives can help reduce waste released into the environment and make better use of natural resources.Item Radiological assessment of the bauxite mining in Turkey and estimation of radiation dose contribution of the red mud as a concrete agent of the model room by using RESRAD-BUILD computer code(Springer Publishing, 2020-10) Parmaksız, Aydın; AAH-5187-2020; 0000-0003-4000-5175; TAEK-Radyasyon ve Hızlandırıcı Teknolojileri Dairesi BaşkanlığıRed mud resulting from bauxite mining and processing is a cause of considerable concern because of the large amount of production and potential risks of long-lived natural radionuclides. In this study, samples taken from ore to end-products including waste in facilities were measured by gamma-ray spectrometry and radiological assessment indexes were calculated. For assessment of the usage of red mud as an additive in concrete, exposures of the occupant were calculated by using RESRAD-BUILD computer code for a model room. The radiological risk did not found for the use of red mud samples in the determined ratios in concrete.Item Unintentional irradiation of conceptus by diagnostic imaging examinations in Turkey(Oxford University Press, 2014-12) Parmaksız, Aydın; Ataç, G. K.; Bulgurlu, Figen; Bulur, Emine; Öncü, Tolga; İnal, T.; AAH-5187-2020; 0000-0003-4000-5175; TAEK-SANAEMExposure of the fetus with medical radiation sources during the diagnostic procedures without intention is one of the most significant concerns in the medical community. In this study, 45 conventional x-ray and computed tomography examinations of the women who were unaware of their pregnancies were investigated. Effective doses and fetal doses were calculated for each application by using PCXMC and ImPACT CT scan software. The exposure of abdominal CT and abdominal conventional x-ray examinations were found to be over the literature for both the range and the average values. Some risks so-called childhood cancer induction, hereditary effects, decline in IQ and severe mental retardation were calculated for the range of each protocol. It was found that accidental exposure to the fetus in abdominal x-ray examinations, even without targeting the uterus, might increase the likelihood of childhood cancer development and severe mental retardation up to ̴ 3-4 times and ̴ 2-3 times respectively.