Niğde iklim koşullarında değişik münavebe sistemlerinde patatesin azotlu gübre ve su kullanımlarının, toprağın organik madde ve strüktür stabilite değişimlerinin incelenmesi
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Date
2014
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Türkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu
Abstract
Organik madde miktarı düşük olan Niğde-Nevşehir yöresinin hafif bünyeli topraklarında çiftçiler çoğunlukla patates-patates veya buğday-patates münavebe sistemlerini kullanmaktadırlar. Bu araştırma patates için kullanılan azotlu gübre ve sulama suyu miktarlarının azaltılması aynı zamanda toprakların az olan organik madde miktarının arttırılmasının ve strüktür stabilitesinin iyileştirilmesini amaçlamıştır. Bunun için Niğde’de uygulanan iki yeni münavebe sistemlerinde (MF-P-B-MF-P ve Y-Y-P) (15N) etiketli gübre, enviroscan, nötron prob ve tansiyometre kullanarak bitkilerin azot ve su kulanımları ve toprak organik madde durumları belirlenmiştir.
Bu amaçlarla Niğde Patates Araştırma Enstitüsü arazisinde ilk dört yıllık münavebe döneminde N0ve N-ı uygulamalarını içeren bir Pilot ve bir de Demastrasyon olmak üzere iki ayrı deneme kurulmuş ve azot dozları her iki denemede de N(0)= 0 kg N/ha (Gübresiz), N(1)= 10 kg N/ha (Fiğ için), N(1)= 30 Kg/ha (Yonca için), N(1)= 250 kg N/ha (Patates için) N(1) = 150 kg N/ha (Buğday için) olarak tatbik edilmiştir. Küçük ebattaki Pilot denemesinin sadece N(1) uygulamasındaki her parsele her bir bitki için belirlenmiş olan azot dozları ve tatbik zamanlarında % 10.0 atom excess miktarında zenginleştirilmiş (15)N etiketli amonyum sülfat gübresi bitkilerin topraktan aldıkları azot miktarlarını belirleyebilmek için uygulanmıştır. Aynı denemedeki N(0) uygulama parsellerine ise hiç bir bitki için hiç bir zaman azotlu gübre tatbiki yapılmamıştır. Ayrıca, N-ı uygulaması parsellerinin her birine 10, 30, 60 ve 90 cm derinliklerinde enviroscan probları; 90 cm derinliğinede nötron prob ve tansiyometre tübleri değişik toprak derinliklerindeki su miktarlarını belirleyebilmek için yerleştirilmiştir. Pilot denemesinin her bir parselinden ekimden önce ve hasattan hemen sonra 0-5, 510, 10-30, 30-60 ve 60-90 cm derinliklerinden toprak örnekleri alınarak bunlarda % organic madde miktarı ve strüktür stabilitesinide içeren tüm fiziksel ve kimyasal analizler yapılmıştır.
Büyük ebattaki Demostrasyon denemesinde ise etiketsiz amonyum sülfat gübresi belirlenmiş dozlarda ve zamanlarda sadece biki verimlerinin tayin edilebilmesi için tatbik edilmiştir.
İkinci dört yıllık münavebe döneminde ise sadece pilot denemesi Patates-Buğday-Patates (P-B-P) ve Yonca-Yonca-Patates (Y-Y-P) münavebe sistemleri ile devam ettirilmiştir.
İlk dört yıllık münavebe döneminde elde edilen bulgular şöyle özetlenebilir: a) Yörede daha önce tek patates bitkisi yetiştirilen tarla denemelerinde 600 kg N/ha amonyum sülfat gübresi ve 600 mm suyun damla sulama-fertigasyon sistemiyle tatbik edilerek ortalama 36 ton/ha patates yumru verimi alınmışken [13], bunun aksine bu araştırma ile sadece 250 kg N/ha amonyum sülfat gübresi ve 704 ve 855 mm sulama suyun damla sulama- fertigasyon sistemini ile sırasıyla MF-P-B-MF-P ve Y-Y-P münavebe sistemlerinde kullanılmasıyla sırasıyla 31 ve 29 ton/ha patates yumru verimi elde edilmiştir. Bu durum her iki münavebe sisteminde tatbik edilen su miktarının çok az artığını ortaya koymakla birlikte azotlu gübre kullanımı açısından yaklaşık 2,5 misli bir azalmanın sağlanabileceğini göstermiştir, b) Bu araştırmada da daha evelki araştırmamızı [13], doğrular şekilde damla sulama ile tatbik edilen suyun toprak içerisinde 60 cm deriliğinin altına inmediğini tansiyometre okumaları göstermiştir, c) MF-P-B-MF-P münavebesine kıyasla Y-Y-P münavebesinde bilhassa 30-60 ve 60-90 cm derinliklerinde hem organik madde miktarlarında hemde toprak strüktür stabilitesinde önemli artışlar gözlenmiştir. Bu durum da yonca köklerinin toprak içerisinde daha derinliklere ulaşabildiğini ve organik madde miktarını arttırarak strtüktür stabilitesini iyileştirdiğini göstermiştir.
İkinci dört yıllık münavebe döneminde elde edilen bulgular şöyle özetlenebilir: a) patatese 250 kg N/ha amonyum sülfat gübresi ve 650 ve 805 mm sulama suyun damla sulama-fertigasyon sistemini ile sırasıyla P-B-P ve Y-Y-P münavebe sistemlerinde kullanılmasıyla sırasıyla 37 ve 44 ton/ha patates yumru verimi elde edilmiştir. Bu durum her iki münavebe sisteminde tatbik edilen su miktarının çok az artığını ortaya koymakla birlikte azotlu gübre kullanımı açısından yaklaşık 3 milsi bir azalmanın sağlanabileceğini göstermiştir, b) P-B-P münavebesine kıyasla Y-Y-P münavebesinde bilhassa 30-60 ve 60-90 cm derinliklerinde hem organik madde miktarlarında hemde toprak strüktür stabilitesinde önemli artışar gözlenmiştir. Bu durum da yonca köklerinin toprak içerisinde daha derinliklere ulaşabildiğini ve organik madde miktarını arttırarak strüktür stabilitesini iyileştirdiğini göstermiştir.
Farmers in Nigde-Nevsehir Region are using potato-potato or wheat-potato rotations under light textured soil with low soil organic matter content and unfavorable soil structure conditions. The objectives of this study were to investigate the nitrogen and water usage of the crops, and also to quantify the soil organic matter and soil structure conditions under new rotation systems (HV-P-W-HV-P and A-A-P) by using nuclear and related techniques such as (15)N labeled fertilizer, neutron probe, enviroscan and tensiometer. To meet these objectives two field experiments (Pilot and Demonstration) were established at the field of Niğde Potato Research Center in the first four year cycle. In these experiments the applied N rates applied to each crop were: N(0)= 0 kg N/ha (No fertilizer), N(1)= 10 kg N/ha for vetch, N(1)= 30 kg/ha alfalfa (fertilized only in the first year), N(1)= 250 kg N/ha for potato, N(1)= 150 kg N/ha for wheat. To the N(1) plots of the small scaled Pilot experiment 10.0 % enriched (15)N labelled ammonium sulphate fertilizer was applied in order to determine the N uptake of the plants. Also, in these plots enviroscan probes (each had sensors at 30, 60 and 90cm depths), neutron probe and tensiometer access tubes up to 90 cm soil depth were installed in order to determine the soil moisture contents. Soil samples were taken from 0-5, 5-10, 10-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm depths before planting and harvest of each crop and all chemical and physical soil analysis, including % organic matter content and soil structure stability conditions were done. In the N(1) plots of large-scale Demonstration experiment the above mentioned doses of unlabeled ammonium sulphate fertilizer were applied. No nitrogen fertilizer was applied for any plant in these plots. In the second four year cycle field work was continued only with Pilot experiment including “Potato-Wheat-Potato” (P-W-P) and “Alfalfa-Alfalfa-Potato” (Y-Y-P) rotations. The results obtained from the first four year cycle experiments can be summarized accordingly: a) Although earlier research in the region showed that as an average 36 ton/ha mono crop potato tuber yields can be obtained by using drip irrgation-fertigation system when 600 kg N/ha ammonium sulphate fertilizer and 600 mm irrigation water applied, in contrast to this, the results obtained from this research showed that as an average 31 and 29 tons/ha potato tuber yields were obtained from HV-P-W-HV-P and A-A-P rotations, respectively, by using drip irrigation-fertigation system when 250 kg N/ha ammonium sulphate fertilizer and 704 and 855 mm irrigation water used for HV-P-W-HV-P and A-A-P rotations, respectively. These findings clearly showed that although there were small increases in the applied irrigation water for both rotation systems, nitrogen fertilizer usage decreased nearly 2.5 times which indicates great deal of nitrogen fertilizer savings, b) Results of tensiometer readings in this study, in parallel to the earlier research work [13], showed that irrigation water applied with drip irrigation did not go beyond 60 cm soil depth, c) Significant increases in organic matter and structure stability values, especially at 30-60 and 60-90 cm soil depths, were obtained for A-A-P rotation system in comparison to HV-P-W-HV-P rotation system. These results showed that the roots of alfalfa reaches deeper depths which increases soil organic matter and thus the improvement of soil structure stability is obtained. The results obtained from the second four year cycle experiments can be summarized accordingly: a) potato receiving 250 kg N/ha ammonium sulphate fertilizer, and application of 650 and 805 mm irrigation water with drip irrigation+ fertigation system to P-W-P and Y-Y-P rotations, 37 and 44 ton/ha potato were obtained, respectively. These results showed that although the water applied to both rotation systems increased little the decrease in nitrogen fertilizer usage was three folds, b) In comparison to the P-W-P rotation, the Y-Y-P rotation showed large increases in both organic matter content and soil structure stability index especially at 30-60 and 60-90 cm depths. The second cycle results which were in parallel with the first cycle results clearly proved that the roots of alfalfa reaches deeper depths which increases soil organic matter. The improvement of soil structure stability was also obtained.
Farmers in Nigde-Nevsehir Region are using potato-potato or wheat-potato rotations under light textured soil with low soil organic matter content and unfavorable soil structure conditions. The objectives of this study were to investigate the nitrogen and water usage of the crops, and also to quantify the soil organic matter and soil structure conditions under new rotation systems (HV-P-W-HV-P and A-A-P) by using nuclear and related techniques such as (15)N labeled fertilizer, neutron probe, enviroscan and tensiometer. To meet these objectives two field experiments (Pilot and Demonstration) were established at the field of Niğde Potato Research Center in the first four year cycle. In these experiments the applied N rates applied to each crop were: N(0)= 0 kg N/ha (No fertilizer), N(1)= 10 kg N/ha for vetch, N(1)= 30 kg/ha alfalfa (fertilized only in the first year), N(1)= 250 kg N/ha for potato, N(1)= 150 kg N/ha for wheat. To the N(1) plots of the small scaled Pilot experiment 10.0 % enriched (15)N labelled ammonium sulphate fertilizer was applied in order to determine the N uptake of the plants. Also, in these plots enviroscan probes (each had sensors at 30, 60 and 90cm depths), neutron probe and tensiometer access tubes up to 90 cm soil depth were installed in order to determine the soil moisture contents. Soil samples were taken from 0-5, 5-10, 10-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm depths before planting and harvest of each crop and all chemical and physical soil analysis, including % organic matter content and soil structure stability conditions were done. In the N(1) plots of large-scale Demonstration experiment the above mentioned doses of unlabeled ammonium sulphate fertilizer were applied. No nitrogen fertilizer was applied for any plant in these plots. In the second four year cycle field work was continued only with Pilot experiment including “Potato-Wheat-Potato” (P-W-P) and “Alfalfa-Alfalfa-Potato” (Y-Y-P) rotations. The results obtained from the first four year cycle experiments can be summarized accordingly: a) Although earlier research in the region showed that as an average 36 ton/ha mono crop potato tuber yields can be obtained by using drip irrgation-fertigation system when 600 kg N/ha ammonium sulphate fertilizer and 600 mm irrigation water applied, in contrast to this, the results obtained from this research showed that as an average 31 and 29 tons/ha potato tuber yields were obtained from HV-P-W-HV-P and A-A-P rotations, respectively, by using drip irrigation-fertigation system when 250 kg N/ha ammonium sulphate fertilizer and 704 and 855 mm irrigation water used for HV-P-W-HV-P and A-A-P rotations, respectively. These findings clearly showed that although there were small increases in the applied irrigation water for both rotation systems, nitrogen fertilizer usage decreased nearly 2.5 times which indicates great deal of nitrogen fertilizer savings, b) Results of tensiometer readings in this study, in parallel to the earlier research work [13], showed that irrigation water applied with drip irrigation did not go beyond 60 cm soil depth, c) Significant increases in organic matter and structure stability values, especially at 30-60 and 60-90 cm soil depths, were obtained for A-A-P rotation system in comparison to HV-P-W-HV-P rotation system. These results showed that the roots of alfalfa reaches deeper depths which increases soil organic matter and thus the improvement of soil structure stability is obtained. The results obtained from the second four year cycle experiments can be summarized accordingly: a) potato receiving 250 kg N/ha ammonium sulphate fertilizer, and application of 650 and 805 mm irrigation water with drip irrigation+ fertigation system to P-W-P and Y-Y-P rotations, 37 and 44 ton/ha potato were obtained, respectively. These results showed that although the water applied to both rotation systems increased little the decrease in nitrogen fertilizer usage was three folds, b) In comparison to the P-W-P rotation, the Y-Y-P rotation showed large increases in both organic matter content and soil structure stability index especially at 30-60 and 60-90 cm depths. The second cycle results which were in parallel with the first cycle results clearly proved that the roots of alfalfa reaches deeper depths which increases soil organic matter. The improvement of soil structure stability was also obtained.
Description
TENMAK D.N.. 10021
Keywords
Farm manure -- Turkey -- Niğde, Çiftlik gübresi -- Türkiye -- Niğde, Soil science -- Turkey -- Niğde, Toprak bilimi - Türkiye - Niğde, Fertilizers -- Turkey -- Niğde, Gübreler -- Türkiye -- Niğde, Potato -- Turkey -- Niğde, Patates -- Türkiye -- Niğde, Nitrogenous fertilizer, Azotlu gübre, Water use, Su kullanımı, Soil, Toprak, Organic matter, Organik madde, Structural stability changes, Strüktür stabilite değişimleri, Niğde
Citation
Halitligil, M. B. (2014). Niğde iklim koşullarında değişik münavebe sistemlerinde patatesin azotlu gübre ve su kullanımlarının, toprağın organik madde ve strüktür stabilite değişimlerinin incelenmesi. Ankara : Türkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu.