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Item A modelling study for the health risk posed by nuclear power plant in Bulgaria at different parts of Turkey(The Middle East Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 2003-12) Ünver, Özge; Tuncel, Gürdal; TAEK-NGDIn this study, following a severe accident at Kozloduy nuclear plant in Bulgaria how Turkey would be affected was investigated. The severe accident refers to core meltdown accident with catastrophic failure of containment. The model used is HySPLIT model developed in America. The worst day was predicted considering deposition of radionuclides. For initial runs, accidental release of 1-131 and Cs-137 radionuclides was modeled for each day of year 2000 to find the worst day, seen to result from release beginning on April 7th 2000. After modeling release of all radionuclides for the worst day, radiation dose at different receptors, 12 most populated cities over Turkey has been calculated via different pathways. Late effects, fatal cancer, non-fatal cancer and hereditary risks, has been investigated for these receptors. The mostly affected part of Turkey was Marmara region and fatal cancer 111 risk therein was 7x1 O'2 %. The collective health risk throughout Turkey was approximately 20 600 people. The same approach was then applied for investigating health risk of proposed nuclear reactor at Akkuyu, Turkey. In this case, the worst day was resulted from release beginning on 21st of February 2000. The worst affected part was the narrow strip in Central Anatolia extending to the north-eastern cost and fatal cancer risk in this region was 3.4x10'1 %. The collective health risk over Turkey was approximately 30 600 people. The results showed that Kozloduy nuclear plant has dominating effect throughout Turkey, but proposed Akkuyu reactor affects very limited region. Keywords: Nuclear, HySPLIT, accident, Kozloduy.Item A modelling study for the health risk posed by nuclear power plant in Bulgaria at different parts of Turkey(Parlar Research and Technology, 2004) Ünver, Özge; Tuncel, Gürdal; Kozloduy; TAEK-NGDIn this study, following a severe accident in Kozloduy nuclear power plant in Bulgaria, how Turkey will be affected has been investigated. The atmospheric dispersion model used is Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Transport (HySPLIT) model.For the simplicity, the release of only I-131 and Cs-137 for the worst-case accident scenario was modeled by HySPLIT for each day of the arbitrarily selected year 2000 to find the worst day of deposition, which was seen to result from the release beginning on April 7th 2000 and accumulated at the end of the 15-day simulation. Afterthat release of all fission products was modeled for the worst deposited day. Radiation dose at different receptors, which are 12 grids throughout Turkey, was calculated via inhalation, ingestion and external radiation pathways. Delayed health risk, fatal cancer, non-fatal cancer and hereditary risks, were investigated for the receptor points. The mostly affected part of Turkey fatal cancer is 0.121%. The same approach was applied to investigate the health risk of the proposed nuclear power plant at Akkuyu, Turkey. In this case, it was seen that the worst deposited day was resulted from the release beginning on 21st of February 2000 and accumulated at the end of the 15-day simulation. The worst affected part was found as the area between Kayseri, Niğde and Nevşehir with the total effective dose commitment of 0.108 Sievert and the individual risk of suffering from fatal cancer 0.54%. KEY WORDS: Kozloduy, Turkey, accident, HySPLIT,dose,risk.Item A potential new approach for preserving historical artifacts through gamma irradiation and green antimicrobials: Microbiological and theoretical screening(ELSEVIER, 2025-08-16) Ergun, Ece; Halkman, Hilal B.D.; Kasımfırtına, Eren; Kantoğlu, Ömer; Ergun, Ümit; Orhan, ErsinThis study presents a novel combined treatment process for the decontamination of historical textiles, using gamma irradiation with green antimicrobial agents. Microbiological studies and theoretical approaches were utilized to investigate the effect of treatment processes individually and in combination on isolates from the textile museum. The mean D10 values and the required doses for complete inactivation were found to be 1.19 and 7.60 kGy for bacteria cocktail and 1.47 and 6.32 kGy for mold cocktail, respectively. The antimicrobial activities of two Schiff bases and their reduced derivatives were tested against gamma-resistant microorganisms by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zones. It was found that reduced derivatives exhibited higher antibacterial activity. All compounds were screened through an in-silico study to evaluate the physicochemical properties, drug-likeness, and toxicity profile. Molecular docking studies were performed to investigate the binding affinity of the title compounds against E. coli DNA gyrase B and topoisomerase IV. From the perspectives of both in vitro studies and computational analysis, L4 exhibited the highest biological activity. This finding revealed that the reduction of the imine bond and molecular flexibility have a significant influence on binding to the active site of the biomolecule. Finally, the combined treatment utilizing L4 with gamma irradiation demonstrated a synergistic effect, leading to a 2.6-fold reduction compared to the control, whereas the individual treatments of L4 and gamma irradiation exhibited approximately a 1-fold reduction. This synergistic effect presents an innovative approach to the historical artifact preservation, providing a more efficient and potentially safer decontamination strategy.Item Achieving superior strength and ductility in oxide dispersion strengthened IN625 alloy produced by laser powder bed fusion(ELSEVIER, 2024-12-19) Demirci, Kadir Tuğrul; Özalp, Ali; Güner Gürbüz, Selen Nimet; Bükülmez, İlhan; Aksu, Erhan; Aydoğan, EdaIn this study, a new grade of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) Inconel 625 (IN625) alloy having the composition of 0.3 wt% Y2O3 – 0.4 wt% Hf – IN625 has been developed and produced by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF). Production parameters have been determined for standard and ODS IN625 alloys to yield >99.9% densification. Microstructural analyses reveal similar texture along <001> while a larger but homogenous strain distribution exist in ODS IN625. Nano-particles are determined to be mostly Y-Hf-O and Y2O3 with an average size of ~30 ± 18 nm and 2.2 ± 1.1x1013 m-2 areal fraction. Tensile tests at room temperature (RT) and 700 °C demonstrate superior mechanical properties of ODS-IN625, particularly at elevated temperatures. While the yield strengths of standard and ODS IN625 alloys are similar (~680 MPa), ductility of ODS IN625 is slightly larger at RT. However, the yield strength of ODS-IN625 increased by 7.4%, reaching ~580 MPa, compared to the standard IN625, which has a yield strength of ~540 MPa at 700 °C. More notably, the ductility of ODS IN625 shows a remarkable improvement, increasing from ~12% in the standard IN625 to ~22%, representing an increase of more than 80%. Detailed microstructural analyses on the fracture surfaces of the ODS IN625 alloys exhibit submicron dimples, as well as an extensive amount of dislocation loops, Lomer-Cortrel (L-C) locks, and stacking fault tetrahedra. Nano-oxides were determined to be responsible for the dislocation wall structure and dislocation distribution which in turn improves the mechanical properties. This study sheds light on tailoring the strength-ductility balance in IN625 alloys by introducing the nano-oxide particles and perceiving the mechanism of this improvement.Item Assesment of Cyclotron Produced 64Cu Radionuclide with Monte Carlo Simulations(Türkiye Enerji, Nükleer ve Maden Araştırma Kurumu (TENMAK), 2024-05-15) Yıldırım, Aydın; Boztosun, İsmailPhysical yields and activities of theranostic radioisotope 64Cu were calculated via Monte Carlo simulations. Geant4 simulation toolkit is employed for the Monte Carlo calculations. The study is based on proton irradiation of solid targets at cyclotron facilities. Two types of target material were investigated: Nickel and Zinc. Also, two different target thickness and two beam angles were assessed in order to see the change of yields and activities. The optimum results were achieved at 150 μm thickness, 24 MeV beam energy and 5◦ beam angle for the nickel target, and 150 μm thickness, 30 MeV beam energy and 5◦ beam angle for the zinc target.Item ASSESSING CYANEX 272 and BINARY EXTRACTANTS for the SEPARATION of PRASEODYMIUM and NEODYMIUM in EXTRACTION of ESKİŞEHİR – BEYLİKOVA RARE EARTH ORES(Türkiye Enerji, Nükleer ve Maden Araştırma Kurumu (TENMAK), 2024-04-26) Gezici, Utku Orçun; Baştürkcü, Esra; Arslan-Kaba, Mehtap; Ertürk, Selim; Sözer, Belma Soydaş; Kartal Şireli, Güldem; Timur, ServetRare earth elements (REEs) are essential in various industrial applications due to their high magnetic susceptibility, low density, and thermal stability. Praseodymium is used in producing yellow pigments for glass and ceramics, while Neodymium is crucial in producing powerful permanent magnets and laser applications. Technological advancements have driven the demand for Pr and Nd and increased the need for a reliable supply chain. The primary sources of Pr and Nd are minerals like monazite, bastnasite, and xenotime, which require complex separation processes due to their mixed contents. The main secondary sources include electronic waste, particularly from permanent magnets. The difficulty in the extraction of REEs lies in their closely related chemical and physical properties. Solvent extraction (SX), based on differences in ionic radii, is a widely used method for REE separation in industrial applications. Nevertheless, the similarity in Pr and Nd ionic radius complicates their separation compared to other REEs. This research examined the effectiveness of Cyanex 272 in the SX process for separating Pr and Nd, as well as its potential for improvement through the use of binary extractant combinations viz. Cyanex 572, Cyanex 801, Cyanex 923, as well as DEHPA. The synthetically prepared aqueous solution was composed of 400 ppm Pr and 800 ppm Nd. The extraction efficiency and selectivity were determined by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The findings revealed that the loading efficiencies for Pr and Nd varied with the concentration of Cyanex 272, namely Pr loading efficiencies ranging from 5.5% to 24.4%, and Nd from 6.7% to 31.3%. Notably, binary extractant experiments indicated that mixtures incorporating Cyanex 272 with DEHPA, Cyanex 572, and Cyanex 801 exhibited enhanced extraction efficiencies compared with the sole Cyanex 272. On the other hand, the combination of Cyanex 272 and Cyanex 923 resulted in a diminished extraction efficiency. These obtained outcomes could potentially adapt to the development of domestic technology for the extraction of REEs from the Eskişehir Beylikova REE Ores.Item Assessment of low-energy electron beam irradiation for effective surface microbial decontamination of fresh lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) leaves(ELSEVIER, 2025-05-12) Turan, Ozlem; Cetintas, Aydin Ozan; Gokalp, Metin; Halkman, Hilal Beyhan; Ic, Erhan; Kantoglu, Omer; Kantoglu, Kadriye YaprakMicrobial contamination in fresh produce, particularly leafy greens such as lettuce and spinach, constitutes a significant public health concern due to infections caused by enteropathogens. Therefore, low-energy electron beam (LEEB) irradiation has been introduced to ensure microbial decontamination, analogous to conventional irradiation applications. This study examines the efficacy of LEEB irradiation in reducing bacterial contamination in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and determines the radiation sensitivity of target microorganisms through D10 values compares it with the gamma-ray treatment. Hydroponically cultivated lettuce samples were inoculated with Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis, Listeria monocytogenes, and E. coli O157:H7. Following LEEB treatment, the D10 values of four pathogens were calculated between 0.371, and 0.737 kGy, whereas gamma irradiation resulted in lower values of 0.262-0.327 kGy. These results suggest that LEEB doses in the range of approximately 1.7 to 3 kGy may be sufficient to achieve an average 4-log reduction in pathogens. Additionally, the effects of LEEB irradiation on the physicochemical properties of lettuce were evaluated immediately after irradiation at doses of 1, 3, and 5 kGy. While no statistically significant differences were observed in color and total vitamin C (p>0.05), bioactive compound levels increased at higher doses (p<0.05). Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy confirmed minimal structural alterations. These findings suggest that LEEB irradiation effectively decontaminates lettuce while maintaining its physicochemical integrity and enhancing its bioactive properties, presenting a promising and very important approach for improving fresh produce safety.Item Beneficiation of Eskişehir Beylikova Bastnasite Ore and Rare Earth Elements Recovery(Scopus, 2023-11-14) Türker, Gülşah; Koç Delice, Tülay; Temizkalb, Arda; Özgür, Özgün Cem; Soydaş Sözer, BelmaUnique magnetic, optical and electrical properties of rare earth elements (REEs) have be come essential in modern high technology. Considering this necessity of technology, efficient man agement and utilization of rare earth resources is of great importance. Even though there are more than 250 rare earth minerals in around the world, the number of minerals that can be economically processed, not exceeding three. Among these minerals, bastnaesite, has a significant impact on sci entific advancement and social progress. This project aims to contribute to the establishment of a sustainable supply chain for REE in Turkey and Europe by conducting research and development activities to leverage the utilization of REEs found in our country. The primary objective of this project is to extract rare earth oxides from complex ore in the Eskişehir Beylikova region, which holds the largest reserve potential discovered in our country, and to refine these metal oxides to produce metals that can be used in magnet manufacturing. The project encom passes five main work packages during three years: Project management, ore enrichment, solvent extraction based purification, utilization of REOs and metals in additive material and magnet pro duction.Item Boron and Zinc Co‑doped Hydroxyapatites for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications(Springer Nature, 2025-07-30) Akbaba Sema; Turacli Karaguven Senem Ozge; Evis Zafer; Tezcaner AysenIn this study, effects of B and Zn co-doping on structural and biological properties of hydroxyapatite (HA) were investigated. Effect of co-doping on synthesized HA groups was characterized by SEM, ICP-OES, XRD, FTIR, and dynamic light scattering. It was revealed that 8 mol% B led to a decrease in particle size, whereas increasing Zn resulted in increasing mean particle size. FTIR spectra verified presence of PO4 3− and BO3 3− in the HA structure. XRD analysis revealed that both B and Zn decreased HA phase percentage, crystallinity and crystallite size. Bioactivity of the HA groups increased with presence of B and Zn. Dual effect of B and Zn on viability and proliferation of human adipose derived stem cells (hADSCs) was also investigated. It was found that 8 mol% B doped and all B & Zn-doped HA groups increased cell viability and proliferation, except 8 mol% B & 8 mol% Zn doped HA. Moreover, 0.5 mg/ml 8 mol% B & 4 mol% Zn doped HA group significantly increased 14-day ALP activity of hADSCs and vessel area of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Overall, Co-doping of B (8 mol%) and Zn (4 mol%) to HA provided both proliferative and osteogenic effects on hADSCs and angiogenic effect on HUVECs. Our findings suggest that B and Zn co-doped HA holds promise for bone tissue engineering applications.Item Boron Salicylate Ester Compounds as Boron Therapeutics. Their Synthesis, Structural Characterizations and Anticancer Effects Against MDA-MB-231(SPRINGER NATURE, 2024-10-03) Bolat, Melda; Köse, Dursun Ali; Akbaba, SemaThe element boron forms a wide range of borate minerals with different properties. Borate minerals make it possible to design boron-containing molecules with new biological properties in terms of their chemical structure and properties. It is known that boron compounds have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anti-cancer properties. This makes boron compounds important for the future development of boron chemotherapeutics, boron supplements and new drugs. Reliable scientific studies on boron compounds will facilitate the clear presentation of their functions in its biological applications and metabolism. In this study, boron monoester and boron diester structures were synthesized with salicylic acid ligand. To stabilize boron ester structures, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ cations were used as counter-ions. Structural properties of the synthesized substances, molecules obtained by crystallization/precipitation from aqueous solutions in solid state, elemental analysis, melting point determination, infrared spectroscopy analysis (FT-IR), thermal analysis (TGA/DTA), mass analysis (GC-MS) and single crystal analysis. Structural properties were tried to be explained by structure analysis (SC-XRD) methods. Additionally, the anticancer potential of boron salicylate esters against the MDA-MB-231 human breast adenocarcinoma cell line was examined. The K-B salicylate diester molecule was found to have the most potential potency with the lowest IC50 value against the MDA-MB-231 cell line. The anticancer potential of boron salicylate esters can be further investigated with other cancer models with the combination of anticancer drugs. It is also thought that the mechanism of action of these molecules may help reveal their further applications.Item Callus and suspension culture techniques optimized for use in carrot breeding studies (Daucus carota ssp. sativus var. atrorubens alef and D. carota)(TAGEM, 2023-02-02) Büyükdinç Turan, Damla; Kantoğlu Kadriye Yaprak; Karataş, Arzu; Ellialtıoğlu, ŞebnemIn this study, studies were conducted to optimize callus and suspension culture methods for in vitro mutation breeding in purple and orange carrots. Following this, the developed mutant lines were subjected to in vitro salt stress selection. The study determined the optimal agar dose. The first germination, 50% germination, rootcotyledon formation and genuine leaf formation in carrot seedlings were analyzed daily in the study, which was continued with the determined 7g/L agar dose. The cotyledon and hypocotyl explants from the seedlings were cultivated for callus production in mixtures of MS-1, MS-2 and MS-3 nutritional medium. In the second and fourth weeks following the second subculture, callus production percentages and weights were measured. The MS-3 (1 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.5 mg/L kinetin) nutritional medium and hypocotyl explant were found to be particularly effective at producing callus. The second subculture's data on the number of plants that had successfully regenerated per callus, showed that the MS nutritional medium with 0.2 mg/L Thidiazuron (TDZ) was the best medium for plant regeneration. The dispersed calli were grown in a nutritional medium designed for suspension culture in a nutrient medium mixture comprising MS+0.1 mg/L kinetin. The results obtained with the optimization steps were used in the ongoing study.Item ÇAY BİTKİSİNDE YENİ ÇEŞİTLERİN ELDE EDİLMESİ AMACI İLE ETKİLİ MUTASYON DOZUNUN BELİRLENMESİ DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTIVE MUTATION DOSE FOR THE PURPOSE OF OBTAINING NEW VARIETIES IN TEA PLANT(Türkiye Enerji, Nükleer ve Maden Araştırma Kurumu (TENMAK), 2024-04-29) GÖKSU KARAOĞLU, Burcu; YAZICI, Keziban; KANTOĞLU, Yaprak; KUNTER, Burak; AKA KAÇAR, YıldızÇay dünyada sudan sonra en fazla tüketilen içecek bitkisidir. Türkiye’de sadece Doğu Karadeniz bölümünde yetiştiriciliği yapılmaktadır. Yetiştiriciliğin yaygınlaşmaya başladığı tarihten bu yana tüm bahçeler tohumla tesis edilmiş olup klon çay çeşitleri ile tesis edilmiş bahçeler bulunmamakta bu da verim ve kaliteye etki etmektedir. Çay bitkisinde heterezigoti oranının yüksek olması ve kendine uyuşmazlık mekanizmasının varlığı ıslah çalışmalarının süresini uzatmaktadır. Mutasyon ıslahı, çay bitkisinde genetik çeşitlilik ortaya çıkarmak için hızlı ve pratik bir yöntemdir. Çay üretiminde önemli olan Çin, Hindistan, Kenya ve Sri Lanka gibi ülkelerde mutasyon ıslahı ile ticarete konu olan önemli çay çeşitleri geliştirilmiştir. Ülkemizde ise bu konuda bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı çayda mutasyon ıslahı yöntemini kullanarak varyasyon yaratmak ve yeni çay çeşit adayları geliştirmektir. Çalışmamız Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, araştırma seralarında 2020 ile 2023 yılları arasında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada materyal olarak kullanılan Zihni Derin çay çeşidine ait 3-4 gözlü sürgünlere Türkiye Enerji Nükleer ve Maden Araştırma Kurumu’nda İzotop marka “Ob-Servo Sanguis Co-60 Research Irradiator” model gama ışınlama cihazı ile 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 ve 70 Gy dozlarında ışınlama yapılmıştır. Işınlamadan sonra tek gözlü olarak alınan çay çelikleri torf-vermikulit karışımına dikilmiştir. Farklı dozlarda gama ışını uygulanan çay çeliklerinin canlılık ve köklenme oranları belirlenmiş büyüyen çay fidanlarında ise sürgün uzunluğu (mm) ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Sürgün uzunluğuna göre yapılan probit regresyon analizine göre “Etkili Mutasyon Dozunun’’ 11,45 Gy olduğu tespit edilikten sonra ana mutant populasyonu oluşturmak için çay çelikleri üzerine bu doz uygulanmıştır. Uygulamadan sonra M1V1 generasyonu oluşturulmuştur. M1V1 generasyonu Ek-2 üzerinde ölçüm ve gözlemler yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, M1V1-V3 generasyonlarında mutant çay bitkilerinde büyük oranda varyasyon meydana geldiği belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma ile 140 adet mutant çay genotipi elde edilmiş olup, bu genotipler Ulusal Çay Gen Havuzumuza aktarılacaktır. Tea is the second most consumed beverage plant in the world after water. It is only cultivated in the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. Since the beginning of cultivation, all gardens have been established with seeds, and there are no gardens established with clonal tea varieties, which also affects yield and quality. The high heterozygosity rate in tea plants and the presence of self-incompatibility mechanisms prolong the duration of breeding studies. Mutation breeding is a rapid and practical method for generating genetic diversity in tea plants. Important tea varieties that are traded have been developed through mutation breeding in countries such as China, India, Kenya, and Sri Lanka, which are important in tea production. No studies have been conducted on this issue in our country. The aim of this study is to create variation and develop new tea variety candidates using the mutation breeding method in tea. Our study was conducted at the Research Greenhouses of Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Faculty of Agriculture, between 2020 and 2023. In the study, 3-4-eyed shoots belonging to the Zihni Derin tea variety were irradiated with gamma rays at doses of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 Gy using the “Ob-Servo Sanguis Co-60 Research Irradiator” model gamma irradiation device of the Turkish Energy Nuclear and Mineral Research Agency. After irradiation, tea cuttings were taken as single eyes and planted in a mixture of peat and vermiculite. The viability and rooting rates of tea cuttings irradiated with different doses of gamma rays were determined, and the shoot length (mm) measurements were made in the growing tea seedlings. The probit regression analysis performed according to the shoot length, the “Effective Mutation Dose” was found to be 11.45 Gy. After the application with 11.45 Gy, the M1V1 generation was created. Measurements and observations were made on the M1V1 generation. According to the results of the study, a large amount of variation occurred in mutant tea plants in the M1V1-V3 generations. With this study, 140 mutant tea genotypes were obtained, and these genotypes will be transferred to our National Tea Gene Pool.Item Cereals, Grains and Legumes Irradiation for Türkiye: Past, Present and Future Opportunities Türkiye için Tahıl ve Bakliyat Işınlaması: Geçmiş, Bugün ve Gelecekteki Fırsatlar(Türkiye Enerji, Nükleer ve Maden Araştırma Kurumu (TENMAK), 2024-05-30) Çetinkaya, Nurcan; İç, Erhan; Yalçıntaş, MehmetIrradiation of cereals, grains and dry legume seeds for phytosanitary purposes is not a new idea. To date, in addition to the research phase, many system installations for commercial applications have been carried out. The oldest of these enterprises started operating in Türkiye in 1967 with the cooperation of the Turkish Government and UN organizations. It was a short-lived enterprise because of not receiving sufficient public support. The objectives of this paper are consideration the potential of cereals, grains and dry legume seeds irradiation and also new application such as EB or X-ray approaches in food irradiation. Phytosanitary irradiation has important advantages especially for food security. Ukraine and China have been gained industrial irradiation experience in the application of EB sources as an alternative to gamma sources. Recently the number of companies with field experience in industrial EB applications and offering alternative design opportunities is increasing. Since Türkiye is a major cereal grain, and pulses producer and exporter, the insect infestation is an important problem. Temperature is the most important environmental factor influencing insect population dynamics, global climate change is expected to cause an expansion of their geographic range. As climate change exacerbates the pest problem, there is an urgent need for new pest management solutions. Instead of conventional methods, EB/X-ray irradiation at very low doses and irradiation of bulk grains & cereals and packaged legume seeds have significant potential. Consequently, potential scenarios for the Turkish market regarding the irradiation of such products with EB/X-ray are high potential. The most economical option seems EB for bulk grains & cereals and X-ray systems for packaged legume seeds. Türkiye için Tahıl ve Bakliyat Işınlaması: Geçmiş, Bugün ve Gelecekteki Fırsatlar Tahılların ve kuru baklagil tohumlarının bitki sağlığı amacıyla ışınlanması yeni bir fikir değildir. Bugüne kadar araştırma aşamasının yanı sıra ticari uygulamalara yönelik birçok sistem kurulumu gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu işletmelerin en eskisi 1967 yılında Türk Hükümeti ve BM kuruluşlarının işbirliğiyle Türkiye'de faaliyete geçmiş ancak yeterli kamuoyu desteği alamadığından kısa ömürlü bir girişim olarak kalmıştır. Bu makalenin amacı tahıllar ve kuru baklagil tohumlarının ışınlama potansiyelini ve ayrıca gıda ışınlamasında EB veya X-ışını yaklaşımları gibi yeni uygulamaları dikkate almaktır. Bitki sağlığı ışınlaması özellikle gıda güvenliği açısından önemli avantajlara sahiptir. Ukrayna ve Çin, gama kaynaklarına alternatif olarak EB kaynaklarının uygulanmasında endüstriyel ışınlama deneyimi kazanmıştır. Son dönemde endüstriyel EB uygulamalarında saha tecrübesi olan ve alternatif tasarım fırsatları sunan firmaların sayısı giderek artmaktadır. Türkiye önemli bir tahıl, bakliyat üreticisi ve ihracatçısı olduğundan böcek istilası önemli bir sorundur. Sıcaklık, böcek popülasyon dinamiklerini etkileyen en önemli çevresel faktör olup, küresel iklim değişikliğinin böceklerin coğrafi yayılımının genişlemesine neden olması beklenmektedir. İklim değişikliği haşere sorununu ağırlaştırdıkça, yeni haşere yönetimi çözümlerine acil ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Geleneksel yöntemlerin yerine, çok düşük dozlarda EB/X-ışını ışınlaması ve yığın halinde tahıllar ile paketlenmiş baklagil tohumlarının ışınlanması önemli bir potansiyele sahiptir. Sonuç olarak, bu tür ürünlerin EB/X-ray ile ışınlanmasına ilişkin Türkiye pazarı için uygun senaryolar yüksek potansiyele sahiptir. En ekonomik seçenek, yığın halindeki tahıllar için EB ve paketlenmiş baklagil tohumları için X-ışını sistemleri gibi görünmektedir.Item Comparative Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Beneficiation Routes for Rare Earth Element Recovery from Coal Bottom Ash: A Case Study from Soma Power Plant, Türkiye(Turkish Energy, Nuclear and Mineral Research Agency (TENMAK), Ankara, Türkiye, 2026-01-14) ULUCAN Tülin; GÜVEN, Gülşah; DİNÇ, N. İlkyaz; PURAL, Y. Enes; YÜCE, A. Ekrem; SOYDAŞ SÖZER, Belma; BURAT, FıratThe recovery of rare earth elements (REEs) from coal combustion by-products has attracted increasing attention due to their strategic importance and supply constraints. This study evaluates the recovery potential of REEs from bottom ash (BA) produced by the Soma Thermal Power Plant through an integrated physical–chemical beneficiation route. Characterization indicated that REEs are mainly hosted in aluminosilicate glass and mullite phases, showing limited liberation. Physical separation methods, including jigging, shaking table, centrifugal (MGS and Knelson), and magnetic separation, achieved only minor enrichment because of the low density and encapsulation of REE-bearing phases. To overcome these limitations, sequential alkaline and acid leaching were employed. Alkaline pretreatment using 5 mol/L NaOH at 90 °C for 4 h partially decomposed the matrix and improved REE accessibility. Subsequent HCl leaching (5 mol/L, 90 °C, 3 h) resulted in the highest ΣREE recovery (>80%) for the −0.106 mm fraction, while 4 mol/L HCl and −0.3 mm conditions provided a more selective and stable extraction. The combined alkaline–acid leaching process demonstrated a synergistic enhancement in REE mobilization. Overall, sequential chemical leaching offers an effective and scalable approach for REE recovery from coal combustion residues, supporting resource efficiency and waste valorization.Item CONCEPTUAL EVALUATIONS FOR LOW-ENERGY ELECTRON BEAM (LEEB) AND COMPARISON WITH GAMMA IRRADIATION OF CITRUS FRUITS(IAEA International Atomic Enerji Agency, 2024-05-31) TURAN, ÖzlemThe assessment and management of risk must satisfy the requirements set forth by importing nations in order for the Turkish agriculture sector to develop linearly. It must also guarantee that trade-related biosecurity risks are appropriately managed. In terms of agricultural exports, citrus fruits account for a significant portion of Türkiye's exports. On the other hand, conventional approaches are utilized to battle the Mediterranean fruit fly agent in addition to microbiological losses in the export of these products. It is widely accepted that fruits can have their risk factors minimized through the application of irradiation. Low-energy electron beam (LEEB) applications for fresh fruit phytosanitary purposes have gained significance recently. After conducting studies, it has emerged that using LEEB for the eradication of microorganisms on or near food surfaces or for phytosanitary purposes is both a sustainable and effective option in the food industry. This study provides a review of LEEB and gamma irradiation applications on citrus group fruits based on previous research. Additionally, a comparison will be conducted between both methods in terms of phytosanitary procedures, microbiological decontamination, and food quality. Also, conceptual and practical recommendations for potential LEEB technique use in the future were discussed.Item Descriptive Process Mineralogy to Evaluate Physical Enrich-ment Potential of Malatya/Kuluncak Rare Earth Ore through MLA(MDPI, 2023-09-12) Ersoy, Burakhan; Beşirli, Mehmet Umut; Topal, Selim; Soydaş Sözer, Belma; Burat, FıratRare Earth Elements (REE) are indispensable parts of magnetic, phosphor, metal alloys, catalysts, ceramics, glass, pol-ishing, and defense systems industries due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Currently, China is the largest sup-plier in the world with a production of more than 95% of the world’s Rare Earth Oxides (REO). To reduce the influence of China on the REE market, the countries have started to develop their national strategies for the production and use of REE-bearing resources. Within the scope of this study, particle size, chemical, MLA, XRD, and SEM-EDS analysis were performed for material characterization, and shaking table, centrifugal, and magnetic separations were carried out for the beneficiation of Mala-tya/Kuluncak rare earth ore. The XRD analysis indicated that the representative sample consists of major minerals such as albite, calcite, montmorillonite, muscovite, titanite, kaolinite, clinochlore, and aegirine. Parisite, bastnaesite, Zr-REE-Silicate, Fe-REE-Oxide, and Ca-Ti-Nb-REE-Oxide were detected as REE-bearing minerals by MLA. The chemical analysis resulted in a ∑REO grade of 3,628 g/t and the ore consists of mostly light REE. According to the result of the gravity separation for the coars-est fraction, about 11.3% by weight of the total feed was concentrated as a heavy product assaying 6,437 g/t ∑REO. As a result of magnetic separation, magnetic products with 5,561 g/t and 6,013 g/t ∑REO were obtained at coarse and fine fractions, respective-ly. Finally, the characterization studies and enrichment results were correlated, and very important and meaningful indications about the behavior of REE-bearing minerals were obtained.Item Determination of Effective Mutation Dose (ED50) To Be Used In Variety Treatment In Tea Plant(Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Journal of Science and Engineering, 2025-07-29) Karaoğlu Göksu, Burcu; Kaçar Aka, Yıldız; Yazıcı, KezibanAlthough tea is cultivated only in the Eastern Black Sea region of Türkiye, all tea plantations in the area have been established from seeds since the beginning of tea farming. This has negatively affected both yield and quality. The high level of heterozygosity in tea plants and the presence of self-incompatibility mechanisms prolong breeding efforts. Mutation breeding is used as a fast and practical method to induce genetic variation. In leading tea-producing countries such as China, India, Kenya, and Sri Lanka, commercially important tea cultivars have been developed through mutation breeding. However, no such studies have been conducted in Türkiye. This study aimed to determine the effective mutation dose that can be used to induce variation in tea plants. The research was conducted between 2020 and 2021 at the Tea Research Greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University. The plant material used was 3–4-node shoots of the Zihni Derin tea cultivar. These shoots were irradiated with 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 Gray (Gy) doses using the “Ob-Servo Sanguis Co-60 Research Irradiator” gamma irradiation device at the Turkish Energy, Nuclear and Mineral Research Agency. Single-node cuttings obtained from the irradiated shoots were planted in a peat-vermiculite mixture. Survival and rooting rates of the tea cuttings exposed to different gamma doses were recorded, and shoot length (mm) was measured in the growing tea seedlings. Survival and rooting rates decreased with increasing radiation dose. Based on a probit regression analysis of shoot length, the “Effective Mutation Dose” for tea was determined to be 11.45 Gy. This study represents the first mutation breeding research on tea in Türkiye and is expected to provide a foundation for future work in this field.Item Determination of the Effective Mutation Dose Through Physical Mutagen Application in Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. cv. Heavri) for the Mutation Breeding Program(Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 2026-03-16) Şenay, AliThe problems caused by climate change have begun to significantly affect all areas of agricultural production. In particular, the increase in temperature and the resulting drought have become major issues for crop species, leading to an increase in annual yield losses. The advantages of millets (such as their nutritional value and high adaptability) are currently being considered in many countries as an alternative to crops that require more irrigation, especially due to the growing problem of drought. Various methods (classical breeding and biotechnological approaches) are being applied for millet breeding worldwide, and among these techniques, mutation breeding is one method that deserves particular attention. Countries that play an important role in millet production have initiated mutation breeding programs at the national and regional levels to increase nutrient content and enhance disease tolerance. In the present study, the ffective mutation dose was determined as a preliminary step to initiate mutation breeding research for pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. cv. Heavri), which has been agronomically examined in Türkiye. For this purpose, millet seeds with 8% moisture content were irradiated with cesium-137 gamma rays, a physical mutagenic source, at seven different doses (0, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 Gray). As a result of the plant measurements taken three weeks after irradiation and the linear regression analysis, 174 Gy was determined to be the effective mutation dose. The negative effects of increasing gamma ray doses on plant development were clearly determined on both shoot length and fresh plant weight, and the resulting difference was determined to be statistically important. The 10% lower and upper limits of the effective mutation dose were defined. Irradiation was conducted at doses of 150, 174, and 200 Gray to generate the M1 generation for the Heavri variety.Item DETERMINING THE EFFECTIVE MUTATION DOSE AND IMPACTS OF IRRADIATION FOR SOME VEGETABLE SPECIES(Biotechnical Faculty of the University of Montenegro, 2025-07-01) Kantoğlu Kadriye Yaprak; Çakın Irmak; Çetintaş Aydın Ozan; Göktuğ Aslıhan; Laouini MounaA comparison of winter and summer vegetable species reveals that fewer mutation breeding studies have been conducted on winter varieties. Nevertheless, the effects of global warming and climate change are expected to negatively impact the cultivation of both winter and summer vegetable species alike. Addressing this issue promptly and developing new cultivars as alternatives to existing ones in accordance with current needs is crucial. Mutation breeding methods remain significant in efforts to broaden the diminishing genetic diversity. In this research, various vegetables, including red radish, black radish, white cabbage, broccoli, cress, dill, yellow onion, purple onion, spinach, parsley, and arugula, were exposed to a cesium 137 gamma ray source. The irradiation was conducted at different dose levels (0, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, and 1800 Gy), based on the specific responses of each cultivar. Following irradiation, the seed germination rate, seedling height, seedling fresh and dry weight, and seed vigor were measured, and the effective mutation dose (EMD50) was determined by linear regression analysis. It was found that increasing doses had a negative effect on germination, seed strength, and fresh and dry plant weight, depending on the species. Accordingly, EMD50, which is important in creating an effective mutant population, was determined as 467.62 Gy for red radish, 328.39 Gy for black radish, 354.24 Gy for broccoli, 222.25 Gy for white cabbage, 119.75 Gy for arugula, 160.68 Gy for spinach, 245.96 Gy for yellow onion, 195.55 Gy for purple onion, 132.38 Gy for dill, 1031.68 Gy for cress, and 92.77 Gy for parsley.Item Development of CuO nanoparticles modified electrochemical sensor for detection of salbutamol(Iop Publishing, 2024-04-29) Koc Delice, Tulay; Ak Azem,Funda; Ozdemir, Kazim; Alpat, SenolMetal oxide structures are being utilized in an increasing variety of applications. This study used cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry techniques to investigate the possible utilization of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode (CPE)for the redox reactions of salbutamol (SAL). The electrochemical performance of the SAL analyte in a complex matrix environment in Ventolin was evaluated in order to assess the appropriateness of the proposed sensor in a real sample environment. CuO nanoparticles were produced via a straightforward, cost-effective and efficient sol– gel method, and characterization studies of synthesized CuO nanoparticles were performed by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray Diffraction (XRD), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The synthesized CuO nanoparticles had a spherical shape and particle size was found to be 74 nm. The crystal size of the CuO particles was calculated to be 21.79 nm using the Debye–Scherrer equation. Under optimal conditions, differential pulse voltammetry demonstrated a linear response in the 50 nM to 100 μM range, with a salbutamol detection limit of 50 nM (S/N = 3). The SAL concentration (R2= 0.9971)was found to have a good correlation coefficient. The reproducibility of the biosensor was investigated and evaluated with a relative standard deviation of 3% (n = 8). The storage stability of CuO modified CPE for two weeks was evaluated based on the response of DP current measured at intervals every two days. According to the measurement results, the modified electrode exhibited good stability and reproducibility while maintaining 80% of its stability. It is also a rapid and dependable sensor candidate with a measurement time of approximately 20 s. The developed electrode has been utilized successfully to determine doping material with improved performance.