Makale 2010-2019 yılları

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A computer program to help for resolution of complex and poorly resolved Cu2+ and VO2+ ions doped single EPR spectra
(Taylor & Francis, 2009-11-01) Bıyık, Recep; Çemberci, Mustafa; Tapramaz, Recep; 0000-0001-7929-4395; TAEK-ÇNAEM
Complex and poorly resolved Cu2+ and VO2+ doped single-crystal electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra are some of the serious problems that exist in this area. In order to help the resolution of this sort of spectra, and for easily resolvable spectra as well, a versatile computer program known as EPR RESolution, or EPRES, is presented. All detectable line positions in the single-crystal spectra taken in three mutually perpendicular planes are given as input. The program plots these line positions. The user then manually determines the lines by selecting the true data points on the plot and fitting them to a well-known variation function. If selection is not suitable, the process is canceled and renewed. By this process, as many resolvable lines as in the spectra can be resolved and determined. The user then groups the resolved lines according to the paramagnetic center to which they belong. This includes the attribution of correct nuclear spin I and MI to correct lines. After this step, hyperfine and g tensor elements can be found, constructed, and diagonalized. [Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher’s online edition of Spectroscopy Letters for the following free supplemental resource: a copy of the EPRES computer program.]
Transition metal ions in black tea: an electron paramagnetic resonance study
(Springer, 2010) Bıyık, Recep; Tapramaz, Recep; 0000-0001-7929-4395; TAEK-ÇNAEM
Tea (Camellia Sinensis) is the most widely consumed beverage in the world and is known to have therapeutic, antioxidant and nutritional effects. It contains dimeric flavanols and polyphenols which are known as the most important organic compounds in tea infusions, and can make strong and stable complexes with metal ions. In this study, we carried out a series of electron paramagnetic resonance experiments on well-known paramagnetic transition metal ions, namely Mn2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, VO2+, and Cr3+ doped in black tea cultivated along the shore of BlackSea, Turkey, to see the effects and structures formed.
Identification of irradiated sage tea (Salvia officinalis L.) by ESR spectroscopy
(Elsevier B.V., 2010-04) Tepe Çam, Semra; Engin, Birol; TAEK-SANAEM
The use of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy to accurately distinguish irradiated from unirradiated sage tea was examined. Before irradiation, sage tea samples exhibit one asymmetric singlet ESR signal centered at g=2.0037. Beside this central signal, two weak satellite signals situated about 3 mT left and right to it in radiation-induced spectra. Irradiation with increasing doses caused a significant increase in radiation-induced ESR signal intensity at g=2.0265 (the left satellite signal) and this increase was found to be explained by a polynomial varying function. The stability of that radiation-induced ESR signal at room temperature was studied over a storage period of 9 months. Also, the kinetic of signal at g = 2.0265 was studied in detail over a temperature range of 313-353 K by annealing samples at different temperature for various times.
Farklı ışınlama dozlarının hamburger köftelerde E. coli ve toplam mezofilik aerobik bakteri üzerine etkileri
(Gıda Teknolojisi Derneği, 2011) Aylangan, Ayça; Vural, Halil; TAEK-SANAEM
Bu çalışmada, ülkemizde önemli bir tüketim potansiyeli olan, özellikle ayaküstü yenilen gıdalar olarak adlandırılan fast food zincirlerinde yüksek miktarda tüketilen hamburger köftelerin muhafazası amacıyla ışınlama teknolojisi kullanılmıştır. Bu amaçla, dana kıymasından % 0.8 oranında NaCl içeren hamburger köfteleri üretilmiştir. Hamburger köfteleri iki gruba ayrılmış, bir grup E. coli ATCC 25922 suşu ile aşılanırken, diğer grup aşılanmamıştır. İki farklı depolama sıcaklığında ve süresinde (+4 °C’de 8 gün ve -12 °C’de 30 gün), ürünün mikrobiyel güvenlik ve kalitesinin sağlanması amacıyla uygulanan 3 farklı ışınlama dozunun (0.4 kGy; 0.8 kGy ve 1.2 kGy) toplam mezofilik aerobik bakteri (TMAB) sayısı ve Escherichia coli üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Yapılan çalışma sonunda, E. coli için D10 değeri 0.55 kGy olarak bulunmuştur. E. coli aşılanmamış hamburger örneklerinde gerçekleştirilen sayım sonuçlarına göre, 1.2 kGy doz uygulanmasının TMAB sayısında 2 log düzeyinde bir azalmaya yol açtığı belirlenmiştir.
Işınlamanın yumurta beyazının fonksiyonel özellikleri üzerine etkisi
(Gıda Teknolojisi Derneği, 2012) Uygun Sarıbay, Mine; Köseoğlu, Turhan; TAEK-SANAEM
Işınlama teknolojisi, yumurta ve yumurta ürünlerinde patojen mikroorganizmaları yok ederek hijyenik kaliteyi sağlayan ve birçok ülkede uygulanan teknolojidir. Fırıncılık ürünlerinde köpük oluşturma özelliği nedeniyle kullanılan yumurta akı örnekleri üç farklı dozda (1kGy, 2kGy ve 3kGy) ışınlanarak pH, viskozimetre değerleri, köpük hacmi, köpük yoğunluğu ve köpük stablitesi gibi fizikokimyasal özellikleri ve protein yapısındaki değişmeler Azalan Tam Yansıma Spektroskopisiyle (ATR-FTIR) belirlenmiştir. Işınlama ile köpük hacmi artarken, pH, köpük yoğunluğu, köpük stabilitesi ve viskozimetre değerleri azalmıştır. Işınlama dozlarının proteinlerin ikincil yapılarındaki değişimi gösteren α-sarmal ve β-düzlemsel tabaka’nın % değerlerine etkisi ise önemsiz bulunmuştur.
Letter to the Editor
(Oxford Univ. Press, 2012) Zeyrek, C. Tuğrul; Akbıyık, Hayri; 0000-0001-6744-7841; TAEK-ANAEM
Işınlanmış yumurta ve yumurta ürünlerinde kalite değişimleri
(Gıda ve Yem Kontrol Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü, 2012) Uygun Sarıbay, Mine; Köseoğlu, Turhan; TAEK-SANAEM
Yumurta ve yumurta ürünleri, Salmonella infeksiyonlarına neden olması sebebiyle risk oluşturmaktadır. Işınlama, farklı gıdaların yanısıra yumurta ürünlerinde de uygulanan bir teknolojidir. Amerikan Gıda ve İlaç Dairesi (FDA), 2000 yılında 3 kGy’lik ışınlama dozunun kabuklu yumurtada Salmonella seviyesini azalttığını onaylamıştır. Işınlama teknolojisi uygulayan her ülke kendine ait yasal düzenlemeleri oluşturmuştur. Ülkemizde de 1999 yılında yayımlanarak yürürlüğe giren Gıda Işınlama Yönetmeliği uygulanmaktadır. Bu makale, ışınlanmış kabuklu, sıvı, kurutulmuş ve dondurulmuş yumurta ürünlerinin kalite özellikleri konusunda yapılmış çalışmaların özetidir. Işınlama, yumurta ve yumurta ürünlerinde hijyenik kaliteyi sağlamada etkin bir şekilde, bir çok ülkede uygulanmaktadır. Işınlanmış yumurta ve yumurta ürünlerinin fizikokimyasal kalite özellikleri ise ışınlama dozlarına bağlı olarak değişmektedir.
Farklı ışınlama dozlarının hamburger köftelerin bazı fiziksel, kimyasal ve duyusal özellikleri üzerine etkileri
(Gıda Teknolojisi Derneği, 2012) Aylangan, Ayça; Vural, Halil; TAEK-SANAEM
Bu çalışmada, hamburger köftesi örneklerine 0.4 kGy; 0.8 kGy ve 1.2 kGy olmak üzere üç farklı ışınlama dozu uygulanmış ve örnekler iki farklı depolama sıcaklığında (+4 °C ve -12 °C) sırasıyla 8 gün ve 30 gün depolanmıştır. Örneklerde oksidasyon seviyesini belirlemek amacıyla tiyobarbütirik asit (TBA) analizi uygulanmış ve protein yapısındaki değişimler Azalan Tam Yansıma Spektroskopisi (ATR-FTIR) ile belirlenmiştir. Örneklere panelistler eşliğinde duyusal analiz yapılmıştır. TBA analizi sonucunda, +4 °C’da depolanan örneklerde 3.18 – 1.03 mg malonaldehit/kg örnek, -12 °C’da depolanan örneklerde ise 1.78 – 1.03 mg malonaldehit/kg örnek aralığında tespit edilmiştir. Işınlama dozlarının protein yapısındaki α-sarmal ve β-düzlemsel tabakanın % değerleri ve α-sarmal/β-düzlemsel tabaka oranında önemli bir farklılığa yol açmadığı bulunmuştur. Duyusal analiz sonucunda da uygulanan ışınlama dozlarının duyusal özelliklere etkisi önemsiz bulunmuştur.
ESR and TL studies of irradiated Anatolian laurel leaf (Laurus nobilis L.)
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2012) Tepe Çam, Semra; Aydaş, Canan; Engin, Birol; Yüce, Ülkü Rabia; Aydın, Talat; TAEK-SANAEM
Laurel leaf (Laurus nobilis L.) samples originated from Turkey were analyzed by Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and Thermoluminescence (TL) techniques before and after gamma irradiation. Unirradiated (control) loreal leaf samples exhibit a weak ESR singlet centered at g = 2.0020. Besides this central signal, two weak satellite signals situated about 3 mT left and right to it in radiation-induced spectra. The dose-response curve of the radiation-induced ESR signal at g = 2.0187 (the left satellite signal) was found to be described well by a power function.Variation of the left satellite ESR signal intensity of irradiated samples at room temperature with time in a long-term showed that cellulosic free radicals responsible from the ESR spectrum of loreal leaves were not stable but detectable still after 100 days. Annealing studies at four different temperatures were used to determine the kinetic behaviour and activation energy of the radiation-induced cellulosic free radicals responsible from the left satellite signal (g = 2.0187) in laurel leaves. TL measurements of the polymineral dust isolated from the laurel leaf samples allowed distinguishing between irradiated and unirradiated samples.
Bakliyat ürünlerinde böceklenmeye karşı ışınlama teknolojisi
(Akdeniz İhracatçı Birlikleri, 2012-01) Aylangan, Ayça; Özyardımcı, Berna; İç, Erhan; TAEK-SANAEM
Gıda ışınlama baklagil ticaretinde karşılaşılan böceklenme problemlerini çözen, hem depolanmış hem de taze tarım ürünlerine uygulanabilen, etkinliği kanıtlanmış bir teknolojidir. Böceklenmeyi önlemek amacıyla kullanılan düşük ışınlama dozları üründe kimyasal içerik ve besin değeri açısından önemli bir değişikliğe yol açmamaktadır. Tüketici tutumuna yönelik gerçekleştirilen araştırmalarda da olumlu sonuçlar alınmaktadır. Baklagil grubu gıdaların ışınlanmasında ürün ambalajı yeniden böcek bulaşmasını önleyecek şekilde seçilmelidir. Ayrıca, baklagil grubu gıdaların ışınlanması için gerekli tesisin çalışma özelliklerini de bu gıda ambalajlarının şekil ve büyüklüğü, ürün taşıma sistemi ve ışınlama kaynağının tipi belirlemektedir.
Education and training activities on personal dosimetry service in Turkey
(Oxford Univ. Press, 2013) Zeyrek, C. Tuğrul; Akbıyık, Hayri; 0000-0001-6744-7841; TAEK-ANAEM
A personal dosimetry service that evaluates the occupational doses for external and internal radiation of the radiation workers is one of the main components of radiation protection programme. The education and training (E&T) activities in this field are basic aspect of the optimization of all exposures to radiation. The E&T activities in the field of occupational radiation protection at the national and international level are mainly interested and implemented by Ankara Nuclear Research and Training Center (ANRTC) in Turkey. This study describes the Turkish experience in education and training of the staff of dosimetry services, postgraduate students and medical physics experts. The first individual monitoring training course realized in 2012 in Turkey. The aim of this study is to provide a structured description of postgraduate courses that addressed to qualified experts and medical physics experts, and the modules mainly dedicated to individual monitoring.
İyonize radyasyon uygulamaları için güvenlik ve korunmaya yönelik genel kavramlar
(Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, 2013-01) Zeyrek, C. Tuğrul; 0000-0001-6744-7841; TAEK-ANAEM
Bu çalışmada iyonlaştırıcı radyasyonla ilgili bilimsel yapıda ve uluslararası geçerliliği olan iyonlaştırıcı radyasyon uygulamaları için güvenlik ve korunmaya yönelik genel kavramlar sunularak, ülkemizdeki uygulamalarına yönelik bilgiler verilmiştir. Radyasyondan korunma sistemin ana hedefi, radyasyon görevlilerinin, halkın ve çevrenin radyasyonun zararlı etkilerine karşı korunmasıdır. Amacı ise radyasyonun deterministik etkilerini (cilt yanıkları, katarakt, ölüm gibi) önlemek ve stokastik (kanser, genetik etkiler) etkilerin meydana gelme olasılığını en aza indirebilmektir. Radyasyon ışınlamalarına yönelik olarak insan aktiviteleri ve uygulamaları için üç temel gereksinimi esas alan bir korunma sistemi tavsiye edilir. Bu gereksinimler ülke bazında sosyal ve ekonomik faktörleri de içerir. Uygulamanın Doğrulanması (justifikasyon-net fayda), Korunmanın Optimizasyonu (en az doz ile en iyi sonuç) ve Doz Sınırlarının uygulanması, radyasyondan korunma sisteminde yer alan üç temel prensiptir. Bu prensiplere göre radyasyonun zararlı etkilerini telafi edecek şekilde yeterli fayda sağlamayan radyasyona maruz kalmayı gerektiren hiçbir uygulamaya izin verilmemesi, bu kapsamda olacak olan uygulamalarda ise en az doz ile en iyi sonuca ulaşılması ve tıbbi tanı/tedavi haricinde bireylerin ışınlandığı tüm uygulamaların sonucunda alacakları dozların sınırlandırılması gerekmektedir.
DNA damage in hair root cells as a biomarker for gamma rays exposure
(Elsevier B.V, 2013-08-30) Tepe Çam, Semra; Seyhan, Nesrin; TAEK-SANAEM
The purpose of the present research is to examine whether human hair root cells can be used for dose assessment after in vitro exposure to ionizing radiation. Hair root samples plucked from random head regions were collected from 5 healthy human subjects. Some of these hair samples were used as control and some were irradiated with 0.5 - 5 Gy of gamma ray using a Cs-137 gamma irradiator at a dose rate of 0.14 Gy/sec. DNA damage (single strand break) were determined in hair root cells of these samples using the comet assay technique. The comet assay measurements, tail length (TL) and tail moment (TM) values showed that the irradiation significantly increased (p< .05) single-strand DNA breaks in hair roots cells of the exposed samples compared to control. A linear dose-effect relationship was observed when tail-moment or tail-length was plotted against the log of the radiation dose. This research suggests a possible usage of human hair root cells as a biomarker especially for low dose radiation exposure using the comet assay technique.
Activity concentrations of 224Ra, 226Ra, 228Ra and 40K radionuclides in refinery products and the additional radiation dose originated from oil residues in Turkey
(Oxford University Press, 2013-10) Parmaksız, Aydın; Ağuş, Yusuf; Bulgurlu, Figen; Bulur, Emine; Yıldız, Çiğdem; Öncü, Tolga; AAH-5187-2020; 0000-0003-4000-5175; TAEK-SANAEM
Total of 56 crude oil, refinery product, waste water, sludge and scale samples collected from three refineries were measured by gamma-ray spectrometry. Except for nine samples, all refinery products samples were found below the minimum detectable activity (MDA) values. 224Ra, 226Ra, 228Ra and 40K activity concentrations in crude oil and refinery product samples were measured from MDA values to 11.7±4.5, 14.9±3.5, 11.6±4.5, 248.5±18.5 Bqkg-1 respectively. 224Ra, 226Ra, 228Ra and 40K activity concentrations in scale, sludge and water samples were measured from MDA values to 343.7±11.8, 809.2±29.0, 302.5±21.6, 623.0±80.9 Bqkg-1 respectively. Radium equivalent activities of residue samples were calculated up to 1241.8±42.4 Bq/kg. Maximum activity concentration index and alpha index were found 4.2 and 4.0 respectively. The annual effective doses of four residue samples were calculated equal or above permitted dose rate for public, i.e. 1mSv/y.
Measurement of naturally occurring radionuclides in geothermal samples and assessment of radiological risks and radiation doses
(Oxford University Press, 2013-12) Parmaksız, Aydın; AAH-5187-2020; 0000-0003-4000-5175; TAEK-SANAEM
Total of 26 geothermal water and their residues collected from six well in the geothermal power plant territory were measured by gamma-ray spectrometry. Apart from two geothermal water samples, all geothermal water samples were found below the minimum detectable activity (MDA) values. 226Ra activity concentrations in residue samples were measured from 40±4 Bq kg-1 to 2694±85 Bq kg-1. 232Th activity concentration of residue samples are varying from 33±4 Bq kg-1 to 2388±85 Bq kg-1. 40K activity concentrations of residue samples are ranged between MDA to 967±30 Bq kg-1. The radium equivalent activities of samples are varied from 91±8 Bq kg-1 to 6161±46 Bq kg-1. The annual effective doses of residues were calculated lower than permitted dose rate for public, i.e. 1 mSv y-1. However it was found that if parameter values are changed additional annual effective doses can rise over the reference level of 1 mSv.
Synthesis, structure, spectroscopic (FT-IR) and density functional modelling studies of 1-[(4-etohxyphenylimino)methyl]napthalen-2-ol
(Taylor & Francis, 2014) Zeyrek, C. Tuğrul; Dilek, Nefise; Yıldız, Mustafa; Ünver, Hüseyin; 0000-0001-6744-7841; TAEK-ANAEM
Synthesis, crystallographic characterization, spectroscopic (FT-IR) and density functional modelling studies of the Schiff base 1-[(4-etohxyphenylimino)methyl]napthalen-2-ol (C19H17NO2) have been reported. The molecular structure obtained from X-ray single-crystal analysis of the investigated compound in the ground state has been compared using Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT) with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. In addition to the optimized geometrical structures, atomic charges, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), natural bond orbital (NBO), nonlinear optical (NLO) effects and thermodynamic properties of the compound have been investigated by using DFT. The experimental (FT-IR) and calculated vibrational frequencies (using DFT) of the title compound have been compared. The solvent effect was also investigated for obtained molecular energies and the atomic charge distributions of the compound. There exists a good correlation between experimental and theoretical data for enol-imine form of the compound. The predicted NLO properties of the compound which calculated by B3LYP method with 6-31G(d), 6-31+G(d,p), 6-31++G(d,p), 6-311+G(d) and 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets are greater than ones urea. The standard thermodynamic functions were obtained for the title compound with the temperature ranging from 200 to 450 K. Keywords:
Environmental radioactivity and high incidence rates of stomach and esophagus cancer in the Van lake region: A causal relationship?
(West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP), 2014) Akan, Zafer; Başkurt, Büşranur; Aslıyüksek, Hızır; Kam, Erol; Yılmaz, Ahmet; Yüksek, Mehmet Bilgehan; Bıyık, Recep; Esen, Ramazan; Koca, Doğan; 0000-0001-7929-4395; TAEK-ÇNAEM
This study examined the incidence rates of cancer cases (averages for 2006-2010) and relationships with environmental radioactivity levels. Soil and water samples were collected from provincial and district centers of Van city and the outdoor gamma doses were determined using a portable gamma scintillation detector. Gross alpha and beta, (226)Ra, (232)Th, and (40)K activities were measured in both tap water and soil samples. Although high rates of stomach and esophagus cancers have been reported previously in Van the underlying reasons have not hitherto been defined. Incidences of cancers were highest in the Gurpınar (326.0) and Ozalp (377.1) counties (p<0.001). As to the results of the gross alpha and gross beta radioactivity measurements in the drinking water, these two counties also had high beta radionuclide levels: Gurpınar (140 mBq/dm³) and Ozalp (206 mBq/dm³). Even if within the normal range, a relation between the higher rate of the incidence of stomach and esophagus cancers with that of the higher rate of beta radionuclide activity was clear. On Spearman correlation analysis, the relation between higher beta radionuclide levels and cancer incidence was found to be statistically significant (p<0.01). According to the results of the analysis, Van residents receive an average 1.86 mSv/y annual dose from outdoor gamma radiation, ingestion of radionuclides in the drinking water, and indoor 222Rn activity. Moreover, gross alpha and beta activities were found to be extremely high in all of the lakes around the city of Van, Turkey. Further investigations with long-term detailed environmental radiation measurements are needed regarding the relationship between cancer cases and environmental radioactivity in the city of Van.
Effect of gamma irradiation and storage on lutein and zeaxanthin in liquid, frozen and dried egg yolk samples
(Springer Verlag, 2014-08) Uygun Sarıbay, Mine; Ergun, Ece; Köseoğlu, Turhan; TAEK-SANAEM
The aim of this study was to monitor the effects of gamma irradiation and storage on the content of lutein and zeaxanthin in egg yolk samples. Liquid, frozen and dried egg samples were subjected to gamma irradiation doses of 0, 1, 2 and 3 kGy followed by storage of liquid samples at +4±1 °C for 21 days, frozen samples at -18±1 °C and dried samples at room temperature for 1 year. The xanthophyll concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). It was observed that concentrations of both lutein and zeaxanthin were decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after irradiation and during storage. The mechanism for radiation-induced degradation was proposed as radical formation which initiate chain reactions. It was suggested that during storage active radical species and oxygen caused the degradation.
Activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs radionuclides in Turkish medicinal herbs, their ingestion doses and cancer risks
(Taylor and Francis, 2014-11) Parmaksız, Aydın; Ağuş, Yusuf; AAH-5187-2020; 0000-0003-4000-5175; TAEK-SANAEM
Twenty-two medicinal herb samples, each representing a distinct species, were collected from Turkish markets and measured by the gamma spectrometric method. The activity concentration of 226Ra in medicinal herbs was found in the range of minimum detectable activity (MDA) and 15.1 ± 2.2 Bqkg−1. The activity concentration of 232Th ranged from MDA values to 3.5 ± 0.8 Bqkg−1. The activity concentration of 40K varied between 50.0 ± 16.8 and 1311.5 ± 57.3 Bqkg−1. All 137Cs activity concentrations of medicinal herbs were found to have lower than MDA values. The bone surface dose, lower large intestine and colon doses were found to be 182.9, 18.8 and 18.7 µSvy−1, respectively. The highest committed effective dose originated from the annual ingestion of 1 kg medicinal herb was calculated notably low as 9.0 µSv. The cancer risk of ingestion of medicinal herbs was found to be small enough to be neglected. The selected Turkish medicinal herbs are considered safe for human consumption.
The use of human hair as biodosimeter
(Elsevier Ltd., 2014-12) Tepe Çam, Semra; Polat, Mustafa; Seyhan, Nesrin; TAEK-SANAEM
Purpose: To investigate the potential use of human hair samples as biologic dosimeter by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Subjects and methods: The hair samples were obtained from female volunteers and classified according to the colour, age and whether they are natural or dyed. Natural black, brown, red, blonde and dyed black hair samples were irradiated at low dose (5-50 Gy) and at high doses (75-750 Gy) by gamma source giving the dose rate of 0.25 Gy/s in The Sarayköy Establishment of Turkish Atomic Energy Authority. Results: While the peak heights and g-values (2.0021 -2.0023) determined from recorded spectra of hair were color dependent , the peak-to-peak line widths were varied according to natural or dyed hair (ΔHpp: 0.522- 0.744 mT).In all samples, the linear dose-response curves at low doses was going to saturate after ~ 300 Gy. In black hair samples taken from different individuals, the differences in the structure of the spectrum and signal intensities were not observed. The ESR signal intensities of samples stored at room temperature for 22 days fell to their half values in 44 hour in black hair, 41 hours in blonde and brown hairs, 35 hours in dyed black hair and in 17 hour in red hair. The activation energies of samples annealed at high temperatures for different period of time were correlated well with those obtained in the literature. Conclusions: The conditions in which hair samples can be used as a biological dosimeter were found. The dose

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